COVID-19 Pandemics: Effects and Prevention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21467/preprints.99Abstract
A new class of corona virus, known as SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has been found to be responsible for occurrence of this disease. As far as the history of human civilization is concerned there are instances of severe outbreaks of diseases caused by a number of viruses. According to the report of the World Health Organization (WHO as of June 5, 2020), the current pandemic of COVID-19 has affected 6,749,371 people, 3,277, 596 recovered and killed 394,527 people in 215 countries throughout the world. Till now there is no report of any clinically approved antiviral drugs or vaccines that are effective against COVID-19. It has rapidly spread around the world, posing enormous health, economic, environmental and social challenges to the entire human population. The coronavirus outbreak is severely disrupting the global economy. Almost all the nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of the disease by testing and treating patients, quarantining suspected persons through contact tracing, restricting large gatherings, maintaining complete or partial lock down etc. This paper describes the effects of COVID-19 on society and global environment, and the possible ways in which the disease can be prevented or controlled.
Downloads
References
Afelt, A., Frutos, R., and Devaux, C. (2018). Bats, coronaviruses, and deforestation: toward the emergence of novel infectious diseases? Front. Microbiol. 9:701-702.
Allocati, N., Petrucci, A.G., and Di Giovanni, P. (2016). Bat-man disease transmission: zoonotic pathogens from wildlife reservoirs to human populations. Cell Death Dis. 2:148-160.
Backer, J.A., Klinkenberg, D., and Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travelers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020. Euro Surveill., 25(5):1–6. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5. 20 0 0 062.
Bremer, S., Schneider, P., and Glavovic, B. (2019). Climate change and amplified representations of natural hazards in institutional cultures. Oxford Res. Encycl. Nat. Hazard Sci. 1:4-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.354
Coutts, A., Beringer, J., and Tapper, N. (2010). Changing urban climate and CO2 emissions: implications for the development of policies for sustainable cities. Urban Policy Res. 28:27–47.
Fan, Y., Zhao, K., and Shi, Z.L. (2019). Bat coronaviruses in China. Viruses 11:200-210.
Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., and Gulyaeva, A.A. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses—a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Bio Rxiv. 2(5):5-9. https://doi.org/10.1101/ 2020.02.07.937862 Feb 11.
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., and Hu, Y. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 395:497–506. https:// doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). In: Pachauri, R.K., Meyer, L.A. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Core Writing Team. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. pp.151.
Liu, W., Morse, J.S., Lalonde, T., and Xu, S. (2020). Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019-nCoV. Chembiochem 4(3):7-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.2020 0 0 047 Feb 5 [Epub ahead of print].
Lu, H. (2020). Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Biosci Trends. 2(6): 8-13. https://doi.org/10.5582/bst.2020.01020 Jan 28 [Epub ahead of print].
OECD Interim Economic Assessment. (2020). Coronavirus: the world economy at risk. oecd.org/economic-outlook.
Olivero, J., Fa, J.E., and Real, R. (2017). Recent loss of closed forests is associated with Ebola virus disease outbreaks. Sci. Rep. 7:14-29.
Phan, L.T., Nguyen, T.V., Luong, Q.C., Nguyen, T.V., Nguyen, H.T., and Le, H.Q. (2020). Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. N. Engl. J. Med. 382(9):872–874. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001272.
Rawat, M. (2020). Coronavirus in India: tracking country's first 50 COVID-19 cases; what numbers tellhttps://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-trackingcountry-s-first-50-covid-19-cases-what-numbers-tell-1654468-2020-03-12 Retrieved 12 March 2020.
Riou, J., and Althaus, C.L. (2020). Pattern of early human-to-human transmission of Wuhan 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), December 2019 to January 2020. Eurosurveillance 25(4): 4-8.
Rolain, J.M., Colson, P., and Raoult, D. (2007). Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 30:297–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.05.015.
Ruscio, B.A., Brubaker, M., Glasser, J., Hueston, W., and Hennessy, T.W. (2015). One health–a strategy for resilience in a changing arctic. Int. J. Circumpolar Health 74:13-27.
Shindell, D., Borgford-Parnell, N., Brauer, M., Haines, A., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Leonard, S.A., Ramanathan, V., Ravishankara, A., Amann, M., and Srivastava, L. (2017). A climate policy pathway for near- and long-term benefits. Science 356(6337):493–494.
Wang, M., Cao, R., Zhang, L., Yang, X., Liu, J., and Xu, M. (2020a). Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 30(3):269–271. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0.
Wang, C., Horby, P.W., Hayden, F.G., and Gao, G.F. (2020b). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet 3(5):12-18.
World Health Organization. (2004). Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/ table2004_04_21/en/, Accessed date: 5 February 2020.
World Health Organization. (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV). https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/, Accessed date: 5 February 2020.
World Health Organization. (2020). Clinical Management of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection When Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Infection Is Suspected: Interim Guidance.
Yoo, J.H. (2020). The fight against the 2019-nCoV outbreak: an arduous march has just begun. J. Korean Med. Sci., 2:35–56 https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.56.
Downloads
Posted
Section
Categories
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Abdullahi Aborode; Winner, Ayomide
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Any non-commercial use, distribution, adaptation, and reproduction in any medium is permitted as long as the original work is properly cited. However, caution and responsibility are required when reusing as the articles on the preprint server are not peer-reviewed. Readers are advised to check for the availability of any updated or peer-reviewed version.
